HEMP NEWS

With countries worldwide slowly legalizing cannabis, research is finally growing and we’re constantly finding out more about the 120+ cannabinoids in the marijuana plant, namely CBDV, otherwise known as Cannabidivarin. 

People are looking beyond conventional THC or CBD and seeking out new cannabinoids like this one, and in this article, we will explain why CBDV is worth looking into. The laws have limited public access and therapeutic research on non-psychoactive cannabinoids. Fortunately, we’re discovering more and more cannabinoids that are non-psychoactive and still have the healing properties of cannabis.

So, what is CBDV?

Cannabidivarin (CBDV) is a Varin cannabinoid first reported in a benzene extract from a Thai cannabis variety referred to as “Meao” in 1977, and identified for the first time in 1969 Vollner et al. CBDV is a homolog of CBD and is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid. As you can see below, The slight difference here is the propyl chain that CBDV carries. 

Like CBD, cannabidivarin has 7 double bond isomers and 30 stereoisomers. There is a side-chain shortened by two methylene bridges. The biggest difference between CBD and CBDV is their concentrations in the cannabis plant. You can find trace amounts of CBDV in high-quality full-spectrum and broad-spectrum extracts that help to produce the entourage effect.

Varin cannabinoids (technically called varinolic cannabinoids) are a subfamily of cannabinoids that feature three carbons on their alkyl side chains. The most well-known examples are THCV, CBDV, CBGV, and CBCV. There are also acid forms of THCVA, CBDVA, CBGVA, and CBCVA.

CBDV exists in very small quantities. Recently, several African landrace strains (which are genetically pure and unimpacted by experimentation) of Cannabis indica were found to have CBDV and the related THCV in concentrations closer to 4%. There are also plant breeders creating high CBDV and THCV strains of hemp and marijuana — but the current record still sits below 7% CBDV. 

What are the medicinal effects?

Epilepsy

Due to the rise in popularity of CBDV, researchers are trying to discover its medical benefits. In 2014, GW Pharmaceuticals finished a Phase 1 clinical trial of its CBDV test product (known as GWP42006). The clinical trial explored the use of CBDV as an anti-epileptic drug. The company continues to research CBDV heavily. You won’t feel a psychoactive ‘high’ from CBDV. Instead, you can expect it similar effects to CBD. The lack of a ‘high’ means we can use CBDV similarly, which is still being researched.

GW were set to enter Phase III trials in late 2019 but had to terminate the study because of the pandemic. They’re currently recruiting for a new trial, and the CEO Justin Gover made the following statement;

“CBDV represents an additional product pipeline opportunity as a next-generation epilepsy therapy.”

This study follows the completion of a Phase 1 trial in 66 healthy subjects in 2014. In this trial, CBDV was well tolerated even at the highest tested dose and no significant side effects were observed. Most importantly, following this trial, There were no serious or severe adverse events, nor any withdrawals due to adverse events.

Rett Syndrome

As you may know, Rett syndrome (RTT) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder, characterized by severe behavioral and physiological symptoms with no cure available to date. A study was done on mice with CBDV being administered for 14 days. The study restored compromised general health status of the mice, the sociability, and the brain weight in RTT. While more studies are required, this shows great promise for the medical use of CBDV.

Autism

Some of the most interesting recent research into CBDV has been around the subject of autism. This condition, which affects more children and adults every year, is still being researched to find effective medications. The use of CBDV for autism has rapidly gained popularity over the last two years.

The study suggests that CBDV targets subcortical excitatory glutamate systems both in autistic and neurotypical adults. This study compared the effects of CBDV in neurodiverse patients and neurotypical patients. They noted a higher degree of difference in ASD patients with elevated glutamate. Very little benefit was reported on those with normal glutamate levels.

Some studies have even shown that people diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have below-average anandamide levels in the brain, one of the body’s endocannabinoids. 

Pain

In this study, patients underwent two successive treatment phases (4 weeks each) and were treated with CBDV. While the study wasn’t necessarily conclusive, it did explore the potential utility of CBDV for neuropathic pain. 

While CBDV research is increasing, so far there are no guarantees that cures or applications have been or will be found. The existing CBDV studies and research papers indicate grounds for medical optimism that previously may not have existed. With the growing interest in the industry, there’s endless potential. Fortunately, there should not be severe restrictions on CBDV, considering its lack of psycho-activity. 

CBDV and the endocannabinoid system:

CBDV interacts with the endocannabinoid system (ECS) the same way as CBD. However, it’s thought to have about 25% of CBD potency. CBDV does not stimulate the ECS as CBD and THC do; it has a modulating action instead. According to the British Pharmacological Society;

“CBDV and all the acids inhibited DAGLα.”

DAGLα is an enzyme responsible for the synthesis of the endocannabinoid 2-AG.

Is CBDV Legal? 

CBDV is legal in the United States, as long as it is produced from Hemp rather than marijuana. This is because CBDV derived from marijuana is illegal on a federal level and is considered a schedule 1 drug by the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA). Some states have legalized marijuana for medicinal or recreational use. The states that have legalized marijuana have also legalized its derivatives, including CBDV. 

CBDV derived from hemp containing no more than 0.3 percent THC is considered legal on a federal level due to the 2018 Farm Bill. This Bill gave states the power to further regulate hemp products, which some states have by restricting any traces of THC. Although hemp-derived CBDV is difficult to find, it’s legal in all states as long as it abides by the state THC regulations. 

What is the difference between CBDV and CBD?

As previously mentioned, the molecular structures between CBD and CBDV are different, which impacts their chemical responses. Furthermore, CBDV can be used to develop THCV (tetrahydrocannabivarin) when it’s exposed to an acidic environment. CBD doesn’t have this same ability to transform into THC. When dealing with CBDV vs CBD, both cannabinoids share huge similarities that could be a massive hit in the medical industry because of the therapeutic effects offered. Above all, CBD and CBDV both interact with the endocannabinoid system, but CBDV binds with the cannabinoid receptors and CBD simply interacts or blocks the receptors.

Based on all the information provided, it’s clear why Cannabidivarin might be the next significant cannabinoid the world will witness, and we can only hope that research increases to increase the use of CBDV globally.

If you’re a cannabis user, you’re probably familiar with the sugary, crystal-like appearance that appears on the flower, leaves, or bract - known as trichomes. Trichomes are produced across the cannabis plant, which holds the plant's cannabinoids and terpenes. Most people recognize trichomes as the ‘tiny hairs’ on the plant, so it’s likely that you’ve already seen them.

So, what are trichomes?

The word trichome originates from the Greek word “Tríchōma,” which means growth of hair. The actual definition is “appendages on plants, algae, lichens, and certain protists.” - These tiny outgrowths, or sources of resin, allow the production of cannabis concentrates like; shatter, cannabis oil, hash, and wax. Each trichome has a unique size, shape, and biochemical function.

Trichomes are minuscule biological cannabinoid factories found predominantly on the flowers and sugar leaves of weed, providing a variety of functions and benefits to the plant. Scientists have said that trichomes could affect leaf temperature and photosynthesis, or more complicated functions, such as pest-deterrence via their physical structures or production of compounds, as studied by George J Wagner, stating that trichomes;

“Guide the path of pollinators or affect photosynthesis, leaf temperature, or water loss through increased light reflectance as in desert species.”

What are the different trichomes?

Scientists have identified three categories of trichomes found on cannabis plants:

1. Bulbous trichomes
2. Capitate-stalked trichomes
3. Capitate sessile trichomes

It is believed that trichomes function as a form of survival for the cannabis plant. The sticky resin that coats the plant provides a frontline defense against fungus, insects, and herbivores. Trichomes also play an essential role in helping cannabis grow in difficult climatic conditions.

1. Bulbous trichomes
2. These are the smallest type of trichomes, sometimes being as little as 10 microns wide - which is actually a fraction of the largest size. These can be found across the surface of the plant - but are too difficult to see.

2. Capitate sessile trichomes

These trichomes are larger than bulbous trichomes, with enough cell    numbers to form a trichome head and a very short base. These trichomes have a width of around 20-30 microns, which are not as large as the final category of trichomes, nor as easy to see.

3. Capitate-stalked trichomes

These are much larger and can be seen by the naked eye. These range from 50-100 micrometers wide typically. Capitate stalked trichomes have a stalk that is made from cells known as epidermal and hypodermic cells. On top of the stalk is the head of the resin gland, the ‘capitate.’ The ball-shaped head of the resin gland has a waxy outer cuticle layer which acts as a ‘skin.’ Inside the resin head are the cannabinoids and terpenes. These are produced by specialized cells in-between the top of the trichome stalk and the spherical resin head.

Cannabis trichomes typically appear early in the flowering stage on healthy plants. As trichome heads age, they go from being completely clear to opaque, milky white, and, eventually, amber. See below for reference;

What do the different trichome colors mean?

Clear Trichomes:

As a plant transitions into the flowering phase, noticeably the first trichomes appear. Young and immature trichomes feature a clear, translucent appearance. They maintain this appearance for the first part of this phase before their chemical composition changes significantly for the first time. This color indicates that THC and terpene production is at their peak, while CBD levels are still low. This means harvesting at this color will have a more cerebral psychoactive effect. However, it is still not ideal to harvest at this stage and should be harvested at the next.

Cloudy Trichomes:

Cloudy trichomes occur prior to harvest and indicate that cannabinoid levels have reached their maximum. This does not necessarily mean that it is an extremely potent THC strain, however, as that depends on other factors. While it doesn’t guarantee potency, it is a good indicator of when the strain has reached its production peak.

This is when most growers harvest their flowers, and it is generally considered the right time to harvest. You can also use the pistils as an indicator when more than 50% of the hairs have turned orange it means you’re at this stage.

Trichomes remain cloudy for approximately two weeks. Towards the end of this stage, they start to change appearance once again, indicating more developments in their phytochemical composition - which is why they start turning amber in color.

Amber Trichomes:

If trichomes have turned a visible amber hue, the cannabis plant has probably aged past peak potency. This trait makes trichomes a good indicator of when a plant is ready for harvest. Most growers pay close attention to the state of the plant's trichomes and try to harvest buds right when the trichomes are milky white before they have degraded to amber.

Trichomes turning amber indicate deteriorating THC levels, so it is a fine balance of checking on them several times a day to ensure that harvest happens at the peak moment for both high THC levels and the desired couchlock effects.

What impacts trichome production?

1. Stress training
   
2. Stress training can significantly increase yields when performed correctly. Higher yields tend to mean more trichomes. The process typically involves manipulating the plant's shape to distribute hormones more evenly across the top buds, allowing the plant to make better use of the light.
   
   However, the process of stress training can have negative consequences, like bud discoloration, re-vegging, or hermies, so it’s an ambiguous process to say the least. However, it is usually safe as long as you save any major stress for the last week or two before harvest.

1. Lighting
   
2. The light spectrum is one of the most fundamental parts of a cannabis plant’s ability to increase trichome production. The trichomes protect the plant from UV rays, which means that the more light the plant gets - the more resin it will produce.
   
   Some believe that exposing cannabis buds to UV-B light for the last 2-3 weeks before harvest can increase trichome production and overall potency. The most common source of UV-B light is Metal Halide grow lights.  

1. Temperature and humidity
   
2. Temperature and humidity have a massive effect on the growth of cannabis flowers. When temperature and humidity are adjusted to induce stress, the plant may increase trichome production as a defense mechanism.

1. Adjusting the environment
   
2. Each stage of cannabis plant growth influences the production of trichomes. The glands are highly fragile and volatile, which is why ensuring that the plant is growing in the right environment should be a priority - especially in the flowering stage. The purpose of adjusting heat periodically is to avoid the trichomes and terpenes from getting damaged by heat.
   
   This is the general rule of thumb when altering the environment:
   Humidity below 30% – Drop the humidity of the growth space below 30% RH for the last 2-3 weeks before harvest to increase trichome production.

Temperature between 70-80°F – Make sure your temperature stays under 80°F (26°C) to ensure the potency is not being baked right off your buds.

1. Supplements
2. It is essential to give your plants plenty of phosphorus and potassium during their flowering stage. Boosting trichome production requires that a cannabis plant is fed the correct amount of nutrients. If a plant is deficient in nutrients, it slows down all its functions.

Genetics plays the most significant role when it comes to getting the most trichomes out of your cannabis. Genetics are crucial If you want to achieve the best and most trichomes you can, so choosing genetics that produce an abundance of trichomes is essential.

Cannabis lovers have watched highly anticipated, high-inducing cannabinoids divide the hemp industry for the last few months. With an ever-growing marketplace, hemp companies are looking for an edge, and some are turning to controversial, synthetic cannabinoids such as HHC and THC-O. Marketing the artificial compounds as "new,” "rare," or "extremely potent" without disclosing the facts - these compounds are neither legal nor safe. However, the bold claims presented by some companies are driving tremendous interest.

The cause for attraction is due to the higher potency of their therapeutic and psychoactive properties. The consequence of this is that sales of extracts are snowballing, which is why the unnatural, synthetic cannabinoid known as THC-O acetate is one of the substances gaining attention. The continuation of prohibition has been a catalyst to this kind of development of products that people would like to think are legal but are not. Not only are people being drawn to the higher potency, but there is a misbelief that higher potency substances bear higher benefits.

However, in this study, you can see that higher potency does NOT equal higher efficacy or improved benefits.

“Both A and B achieve the same maximum effect, i.e., they have equal efficacy.”

THC-O acetate, or THC-O, is a synthetic analog of THC. That means that THC-O is not naturally occurring and can only be manufactured via modern cannabis tech. The main reason it’s gaining rapid popularity and becoming the topic of conversation is that it is said to produce effects three times stronger than conventional THC. This might seem exciting to the regular cannabis user, but on the contrary, it’s anything but exciting. THC-O’s potency and chemical composition suggest an uncertain future.

So, what is THC-O acetate, and how is it derived?

According to the United States Patent for THC-O;

“Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in cannabis oil reacts with acetic anhydride under reflux to produce THC-O-acetate and acetic acid.”

The process requires material high in THC (typically includes 75-90% THC and 5% other cannabinoids). Specifically, the material that is needed to produce THC-O is THC Delta-9 Distillate. The method of making THC-O acetate is inherently dangerous. The acetic anhydride that's part of the process is highly flammable and potentially explosive. This has to be done in a technical lab, which adds additional layers of complication to an already toxic outcome.

The patent explicitly states the definition of THC as;

“A phytocannabinoid molecule that is found in the cannabis plant mostly in its acidic form, tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA)...THC is known for its psychoactive effect when consumed or inhaled. It is more correctly known as delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol.”

It then clarifies that THC levels in cannabis plants are typically very low, e.g., <2%. THC is known for its psychoactive effect when consumed or inhaled, and It is more correctly known as delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, not to be confused with other forms of THC such as Delta-8.

The patented process requires a reflux reaction between decarboxylated cannabis oil, which has a presence of THC, and acetic anhydride occurs, resulting in a crude product of THC-O-acetate. It then states that you can, in fact, utilize the process using other cannabinoids; however, the result is an entirely different variant and is not THC-O as some companies may be claiming it to be.

“As an alternative, the whole process may be applied for the acetylation of cannabinoids other than THC such as CBD, CBG, and CBN.”

What are its effects?

In the book ‘Marijuana Potency’ by Michael Starks, he classifies THC-O-acetate as 300% stronger than the THC we all know, which explains why many liken its effects to that of the psychedelic realm. Although few people have tried it, and little research has been done, it is spiritual and introspective. in the 1974 book Cannabis Alchemy: Art of Modern Hashmaking by Author D. Gold; he stated the following;

"The effect of the acetate is more spiritual and psychedelic than that of the ordinary product.”

While the exact effects aren’t widely known, we do know that it takes far longer for the user to feel its effects. The effects only activate and become noticeable once enzymes deacetylate the THC-O-acetate in the body, which is highly unusual compared to regular THC. After administration, the substance is metabolized, and only then are the effects felt - which makes it prodrug.

What is the history behind THC-O-acetate?

THC-O-acetate was first investigated between 1949 and 1975. It was being tested as a non-lethal incapacitating agent on dogs but was soon after found to be almost twice as strong as regular THC.

THC-O-acetate’s first encounter with the U.S. DEA was in 1978; the DEA expressed concerns that THC-O-acetate was being made analogously, similar to how heroin is made from morphine, but that was classified as an isolated incident, so the suggestion of making it a controlled substance was dropped. Similarly, in 1995, the United Kingdom ruled THC-O-acetate as a class A drug. It has only been until recently, around 2018 when the USA’s legal changes erased restrictions on the cultivation of industrial hemp.

So what exactly is the issue with THC-O-acetate?

Most labs cannot provide a potency analysis for THC-O. This poses a massive issue for the industry as a number of companies are selling ‘THC-O’ that is clearly not THC-O, and have no reference of standard from a credible 3rd party. ChemHistory, a credible lab used by many, explained that while they have the THC-O standard, they couldn’t quantify the exact target analyte of the analyzed sample because no CRM for this material currently exists.

“We do not have a certified reference for it. For reference, the THC-O-Acetate standard was provided by Cerilliant, who just developed this standard a few months ago.

ChemHistory is familiar with the standard for testing THC-O but cannot identify the exact analyte submitted (on-hand) because it’s not THC-O. On pg. 13 of the report, the tech analysis explains that the submitted isomer is similar in appearance but not THC-O and was likely created using something other than Delta-9 Distillate (required for producing THC-O). They state that if THC-O-acetate were the goal of this production, using THC Delta-9 distillate would have yielded higher and more accurate results.

“As you can see, this peak also has a very THC-O-Acetate spectral profile. However, its retention time is remarkably different. We suspect that this is either a THC-O-Acetate isomer or perhaps a different acetylated cannabinoid. Perhaps CBD-O-Acetate?”

As previously mentioned, the material that is needed to produce THC-O is THC Delta-9 Distillate. You can make similar isomers using other sources such as THC Delta-8 as opposed to D-9, but as mentioned in the tech notes (lab analysis above), the result is not the same. If THC Delta-8 is used as the source material, the result is CBD-O-Acetate, NOT THC-O-Acetate.

The main problem is that hemp companies do not have the licensing to possess Delta-9 distillate as this is a marijuana extract. Furthermore, if they attempt to create THC-O with a different base, such as THC-Delta 8, the result is CBD-O and not THC-O. Thus some may be using a "hemp-derived product," but in using the incorrect source material, They're mislabeling the product as THC-O when in-fact, it’s not.

What are some concerns about how THC-O-acetate may be used?

The fear of the fraud and illegality behind the substance is a top concern.

1. As stated above in the tech notes, no standard currently exists for the material these companies are submitting - which means that hemp Companies cannot reliably report the potency of the CBD-O that they’re claiming to be THC-O.
2. Hemp companies are marketing a THC-O isomer, or perhaps a completely different acetylate cannabinoid (as mentioned in the lab report) as THC-O, which is a blatantly false claim, and borderline fraud.

Our concern lies in the fact that companies are taking advantage of an uneducated marketplace for monetary gain. Pursuing higher potency has been an ongoing goal of the industry for years, but illegally creating a product and falsely marketing it as such is not accelerating the industry’s growth.

How are companies contributing to the problem?

For one, companies are exploiting "new" and "rare" cannabinoids at an alarming rate, using processes that are not standardized, dangerous, and toxic. A lack of research and regulation based on actual data means that mysteries about THC-O acetate are prevalent. A company should not be selling anything that is not backed by enough research or data. This means that companies are creating products with wide variations of quality due to the lack of data. As we saw from the lab report above, companies are likely getting far less pure of a product than what they’re marketing.

Companies exploit the miseducation in the industry and purposefully find loopholes in the legislation to pursue a dangerous, toxic, and illegal product. Companies should be well aware of the Federal Analogue Act, which states;

“any chemical "substantially similar" to a controlled substance listed in Schedule I or II to be treated as if it were listed in Schedule I.”

Products with THC-O exist in the marginal legal space between hemp, which is legal, and cannabis - which is not federally legal and is highly regulated in the states that allow it. THC-O needs to come under a state-regulated system before consumer consumption to ensure they can weigh the benefits themselves. With companies falsely advertising the end product - the consumer can’t understand and consider the risks and benefits. Companies should follow safe practices and perform their due diligence before offering the latest, but certainly not the greatest, cannabinoids.

The industry is complicated, but unlicensed hemp-derived products are undercutting the market and tarnishing the reputation of an industry that has spent decades building a focus around health and wellness. As a consumer, you should have complete confidence that what you’re buying is what you’re getting - and you should have comfort in the fact that your chosen company puts your health first. It’s up to you to educate yourself and stand against companies advocating for substances like this.

The daunting reality is; when companies are calling a substance something that it isn't, can you imagine what else they're not telling you?

Sources for further reading:

Lab report

Patent

The Entourage Effect is a concept you may have come across when researching CBD products. In fact, one of the reasons why many people opt for full-spectrum CBD instead of pure CBD is because of the entourage effect.

Understanding the entourage effect will help you understand how CBD affects your body. This will enable you to choose CBD products that affect your body the way you desire.

If you’ve shopped for CBD products, you’ll have noticed that they fall into three main categories:

1) CBD isolate, which is pure CBD.

2) Full-spectrum CBD, which contains high amounts of CBD as well as small amounts of the other cannabinoids and terpenes found in the plant, as well as flavonoids and terpenes.

3) Broad-spectrum CBD, which is full-spectrum CBD with some components removed, usually THC and CBD.

The type of CBD you choose depends on your needs. Many people opt for CBD isolate if they only want pure CBD. But what’s the benefit of full-spectrum CBD and broad-spectrum CBD? Why does it matter whether there are other cannabinoids in the product?

In essence, the magic of full-spectrum CBD and THC is in the entourage effect.

What is the Entourage Effect of CBD and THC?

The entourage effect is the theory that all compounds in the cannabis plant and hemp plants are more beneficial when taken together.

The Cannabis plant and hemp plants contain dozens of cannabinoids—perhaps as many as 120. The most well-known cannabinoids and terpenes are CBD and tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC. Every cannabinoid seems to work differently, and research suggests each one has a different effect on the body. Cannabinoids affect various parts of our body, from our skin and digestive system to our brain and heart.

In addition to cannabinoids, there are flavonoids, which affect the flavor and color of the bud, and terpenes, which affect the bud’s aroma and may have beneficial health entourage effects.

The entourage effect is the idea that cannabinoids and terpenes work better together. In other words, when CBD and THC are in the presence of other cannabinoids, their effect is more potent and more beneficial than when you take each cannabinoid individually. It is also believed that terpenes and flavonoids also add to the entourage effect.

One example of the power of the entourage effect is how CBD tames the effect of THC. THC, which gets you high, can have some side effects. For example, some people find that it makes them anxious. A 2019 study shows that CBD seems to offset some of these side effects, thus “balancing” the not-so-great effects of cannabis and THC without reducing its benefits and entourage effect.

Another example of the entourage effect in action is Sativex. Sativex is an FDA-approved medication, often used to treat pain in people with multiple sclerosis. Sativex combines CBD and THC, as researchers found that they soothe pain better when they’re used together.

A 2011 study also suggests that, when terpenes and cannabinoids are taken together, they could have a more potent effect in treating:

• Pain and inflammation
• Anxiety and stress
• Epilepsy and other seizure conditions
• Cancer
• Fungal infections

Further research conducted in 2018 found that certain flavonoids and terpenes could have beneficial properties, such as anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. The authors suggested that these compounds, when combined with cannabinoids and terpenes, could have a more potent and beneficial effect.

With all this in mind, it’s no wonder why so many people opt for full-spectrum CBD and THC. However, it’s important to remember that high doses of THC can show up in a drug test—so be cautious when opting for high-THC products.

What do Other Cannabinoids Do?

You’ve heard of THC and CBD, but what are the other cannabinoids called? And more importantly, what do they do?

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

Along with CBD, THC is one of the most well-known and well-studied cannabinoids. THC is the part of cannabis that gets you high. But THC might be able to do more than that. Research suggests that it might also have the following properties:

• Anti-pain. Like CBD, THC could be used to treat pain, according to research. Dronabinol has been shown to reduce pain, which is another reason why it can be helpful for HIV/AIDS patients.
• THC might be able to improve sleep quality. A 2017 review of studies note that some evidence suggests it makes you sleep worse, while other studies suggest THC could treat insomnia.
• PTSD treatment. Since THC reduces the amount of time we spend dreaming, it might be able to help PTSD patients who struggle with nightmares.
• One side effect of the cannabis plant is the “munchies”- THC can make you hungry. Dronabinol, a synthetic version of THC, is an appetite-stimulant given to HIV/AIDS patients who have a low appetite.
• Anti-nausea. THC could reduce chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. In fact, over 30 studies suggest that synthetic THC can treat CINV.

THC remains an interesting cannabinoid, and there’s a lot we still don’t know about it. It’s still being studied further by researchers. Future research will help us understand the effects of cannabis and THC better.

Cannabigerol (CBG)

CBG is fast gaining popularity, with some calling it “the new CBD”. CBG is the “mother cannabinoid” - every other cannabinoid comes from CBG. It’s also the most expensive cannabinoid to produce.

While the research on CBG is still in its infancy, research has identified quite a few potential benefits of CBG. For example, it may have the following properties:

• A promising 2015 study showed that CBG seemed to protect neurons in mice with Huntington’s disease. The study concluded that CBG should be tested for its potential to treat other neurodegenerative diseases, too.
• Anti-inflammatory. A murine study showed that CBG seemed to reduce the inflammation associated with inflammatory bowel disease.
• Anti-bacterial. Some research suggests that CBG might be able to kill methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which causes staph infections.
• Anti-cancer. A 2014 study showed that CBG slowed the growth of colon cancer cells in mice.
• Mood-boosting. Studies suggest that CBG increases the “bliss molecule,” anandamide, which improves your mood. It also might work as a GABA reuptake inhibitor, which can help reduce anxiety.

Not sure where to get CBG products? Check out our 5000mg CBG capsules, our CBG hemp flowers, and our CBG kief.

Cannabinol (CBN)

When THC is exposed to carbon dioxide for a long period of time, it becomes CBN. For this reason, more mature cannabis tends to turn into CBN. There are a number of potential benefits of CBN, although they are mostly conducted on rats and mice, and all need to be studied further.

These potential properties include:

• One lab study suggested that CBN could kill MRSA bacteria, which causes staph infections.
• Anti-inflammatory. A rodent study conducted in 2016 showed that CBN reduced inflammation in rats with arthritis.
• Appetite stimulant. A study suggested that CBN increases the appetite—it made rats eat more food, and eat for a longer period of time.
• Another study conducted on rodents found that CBN delayed the onset of ALS in rats.

Cannabichromene (CBC)

There are relatively few studies on CBC. However, the studies that are out there are quite promising. CBC might be able to treat:

• Pain and inflammation. As with most cannabinoids, CBC seems to reduce the pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis, according to a 2011 study. Another study showed that CBC and THC together reduce inflammation.
• A 2016 study suggests that CBC could treat acne.
• A 2010 study suggested that, together with THC, CBC might be able to treat depression.
• A 2006 study found that CBC is the second-most-potent cannabinoid at slowing the cancer cells, second to CBG. Unfortunately, this hasn’t been studied in humans.

CBC shows a number of potential benefits, but these all need to be studied further before we fully understand its effects on humans.

While these aren’t the only cannabinoids there are, they’re the most well-studied and possibly the most important. Future studies will probably uncover the importance of many other cannabinoids which could be harnessed to treat certain health conditions.

How to Benefit from the Entourage Effect and full spectrum CBD

One of the simplest ways to benefit from the entourage effect is to look for products that are “full-spectrum.” We have a range of full-spectrum items including but not limited to, full-spectrum CBD tinctures, and a broad-spectrum tincture option for those who don’t want to ingest THC.

Hemp flower is, by definition, full-spectrum. As it’s not processed and the form isn’t changed, we don’t remove any of the natural cannabinoids found in the bud. Our high-quality flowers allow you to make your own potent extracts and concentrates - and, of course, you can smoke them if you prefer.

Full-spectrum CBD doesn’t just come in the form of buds and tinctures. Our edibles and topical CBD, for example, also contain full-spectrum CBD. Experiment with different forms of CBD products until you find a product that you enjoy using.

Understanding the entourage effect can equip you with the knowledge you need to choose the best CBD products for your needs. Remember to speak to your doctor before using CBD to treat any particular ailment.

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In response to recent publications concerning the legality of hemp flower in Alabama we would like to share the following information.

SELLING HEMP AND HEMP PRODUCTS

1. What kind of license is required for the retail sale of CBD oil and other hemp products?
   Retail sale of processed hemp products does not fall within the regulatory authority of the Plant Protection Division of the Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries. (agi.alabama.gov)

Our hemp flower products are processed (trimmed) industrial hemp flowers that have been legally produced under a state Department of Agriculture license, third-party Lab tested and packaged in fresh-seal jars thus making them a purchasable product in accordance with the laws of the State of Alabama.

A recent article written by Andrew Donley of ABC 33/40 could leave some to believe that processed CBD items, including processed industrial hemp flowers are illegal to sell in Alabama.  The aforementioned article has no credible sources cited and should be retracted due to inaccuracies that could hinder legal businesses in the State of Alabama.

Respectfully,

BLACK TIE CBD

References:

(3) Hemp products.  Any and all products made from industrial hemp, including, but not limited to, cloth, cordage, fiber, food, fuel, paint, paper, particleboard, plastics, seed, seed meal and seed oil for consumption, and seed for cultivation if the seeds originate from industrial hemp varieties. (agi.alabama.gov)

(4) Industrial hemp.  All parts and varieties of the plant Cannabis sativa, cultivated or possessed by a licensed grower, whether growing or not, that contain a delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol concentration of not more than 0.3 percent on a dry weight basis.  Industrial hemp shall be considered an agricultural crop or an agricultural commodity, or both, in all respects under state law.  The term excludes marijuana as defined in subdivision (14) of Section 20-2-2 .

MONTGOMERY, Ala. - The Alabama Hemp program launched in the beginning of 2019, after the Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018 (i.e. Farm Bill) declassified hemp as a schedule 1 drug and deemed hemp as an agriculture commodity.  This legislation defines hemp as all parts of the plant containing less than 0.3% THC, including derivatives, extracts, and cannabinoids. (agi.alabama.gov)

Original Article :

https://abc3340.com/news/local/raw-hemp-flower-being-sold-illegally-in-alabama

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Sometimes the most minor of molecules are the ones with the greatest impact. Such appears to be the case with CBG—the “first” cannabinoid that develops in cannabis. This seemingly insignificant cannabinoid is actually responsible for the creation of CBD, THC, and other cannabinoids catching the attention of scientists and consumers the world over.

Usually found in concentrations of <1% in most hemp plants, it’s no wonder this compound hasn’t received as much attention as others. However, that is quickly changing as more information is being unveiled about this once-overshadowed cannabinoid.

Below, we’ll take a closer look at CBG and the role it plays in the production of other cannabinoids. We’ll also explore its unique effects on the body, and how it differs from other hemp-derived cannabinoids.

What is CBG?

CBG, or cannabigerol, is a phytocannabinoid. Unlike endocannabinoids, which are produced by the body, phytocannabinoids are sourced from plants like cannabis. CBG is what's known as a non-intoxicating cannabinoid—it doesn’t get you high.

CBG: a not-so-minor cannabinoid

By the time cannabis is harvested, dried, and processed, it usually contains only trace amounts of CBG (below 1%). Hence, it is generally labelled a “minor” cannabinoid.

However, CBG—or rather, its acidic form, CBGA—is actually the first cannabinoid acid to develop in the cannabis plant. As such, it is sometimes referred to as the “stem cell” of cannabis. It is found in its highest concentrations in flowering cannabis plants. The acidic form is simply CBG with an extra carboxyl group—the “A”.

As plants continue to grow, enzymes convert CBGA into either THCA (tetrahydrocannabinolic acid), CBDA (cannabidiolic acid), or CBCA (cannabichromenic acid).

Following harvest, plants are usually dried and processed. The heat or UV light used in these scenarios breaks down these acidic cannabinoids into their non-acidic counterparts, such as THC, CBD, and CBC. This phenomenon is known as decarboxylation—the removal of a carboxyl group.

Decarboxylation also produces many other cannabinoids (at least 100), all of which originally stem from CBGA.

Most of the cannabis strains on today’s market are bred to be high in THC and/or CBD; and the more THC or CBD present in a plant sample, the less CBG. Hence, strains usually contain only small amounts of CBG.

However, some breeders are experimenting with crossbreeding, genetic manipulation, and even unique harvesting patterns to create strains that contain higher levels of this cannabinoid.

Bedrocan BV Medical Cannabis in the Netherlands, for example, has began harvesting some of its plants earlier to create a final product with higher levels of CBG.

What are the effects of CBG?

As we mentioned earlier, CBG is a non-intoxicating cannabinoid. Therefore, it does not interact with the endocannabinoid system in a way that interrupts mental faculties. However, just like any other cannabinoid, CBG does interact with the endocannabinoid system in a variety of ways.

CBG has been shown to increase appetite in two rat-based studies conducted by researchers at the University of Reading (UK) in 2016 and 2017.

Some studies also suggest that CBG may inhibit the growth of some tumours, while others show it may have neuroprotective effects. A 2014 study published in the PLoS One medical journal also claims that some CBG-derived products could suppress the body’s immune response.

Dr Bonni Goldstein, a medical doctor specialising in medicinal cannabis, claims that CBG can inhibit GABA neurotransmission in the brain, as well as affect pain, inflammation, and more.

“When GABA [uptake] is inhibited, you actually have muscle relaxation and you have anti-anxiety effects, so it [CBG] appears to promote similar effects that CBD Oil has. It also appears to have antidepressant and some modest antifungal properties” said Goldstein in a video for WeedMaps.

In 2013, researchers from the Department of Pharmacy at the University of Naples Federico II (Italy) tested the effects of CBG on an experimental model of experimental Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). The researchers found that CBG has potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties (Inflammatory Bowel Disease).

Unfortunately, because CBG has been overshadowed by cannabinoids THC and CBD, not a lot of research has gone into fully understanding this cannabinoid and its effects. However, that is slowly changing as people begin to realise the potential and importance of this compound.

CBG vs CBD. What is the difference?

Despite originating from CBG Oils, CBD Oil is completely distinct from CBG in both chemical structure and concentration within cannabis plants.

Because it is only found in trace amounts in dried plant material, it is only recently that manufacturers have begun to focus more attention on optimising CBG levels in products like CBD oils, supplements, and salves. It’s clear that CBG is an essential cannabinoid, but it’s yet unclear exactly how to use it to our benefit.

CBG (cannabigerol) and CBD (cannabidiol) are two of the many chemical compounds present in cannabis which can be used as medication. While they share similarities, there are important differences between them.

The main difference between CBG vs CBD is how the chemicals interact with our brain's cannabinoid receptors.

The cannabis plant contains at least 85 cannabinoids. These are chemical compounds which have an effect on the body by bonding with cannabinoid receptors in the brain. The most widely recognized and well studied of these chemicals is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). THC is famous for being the main psychoactive component of cannabis, producing the high that gives the plant its medical and recreational effects.

However, there are many other less famous cannabinoids which also produce a range of effects on the brain. Two compounds which we will be focusing on in this article are cannabidiol (both CBD) and cannabigerol (CBG). While both CBD and CBG can be isolated from the cannabis plant, the main difference between them lies in how they interact with cannabinoid receptors.

As a result of this difference in action on cannabinoid receptors, CBD and CBG produce different effects when isolated from each other and when combined together in a full spectrum cannabis extract or both CBD product.

CBG vs CBD: What is the difference in effects?

The primary difference between CBD and CBG comes from their unique interaction with cannabinoid receptors. Cannabinoid receptors are found all over the body and brain, and modulate pain, inflammation, stress responses, mood etc. The way these chemical compounds interact with our cells is what gives them both their therapeutic and psychoactive effects.

Cannabinoid receptors are made up of many subunits. To date, scientists have identified two subtypes that play the largest role in our experience of cannabinoids: CB1 and CB2.

CB1 is mostly found in the brain, but also present in some other parts of the body. It has been linked to memory formation, reward seeking behavior, motor coordination, pain sensation, and more. CB2 is primarily found in the immune system where it regulates inflammation.

CBG vs CBD: What Is The Difference In How They Interact With Cannabinoid Receptors?

A 2010 study published by a group of scientists from Italy took a detailed look at the structure-activity relationships of CBG, CBD and THC.

The study found that both CBD and CBG interact strongly multiple cannabinoid receptors including the serotonin 5HT1a receptor. However, they differ in how they interact with cannabinoid receptors, mainly with respect to their effects on the endocannabinoid system (the biological system responsible for processing cannabinoids).

For example, CBD has no effect at all on the CB1 receptor, while CBG does. This is because CBD lacks affinity for CB1 due to an extra carbon atom in its molecular structure.

There was also found to be more CBG binding sites than CB2 binding sites throughout many parts of the brain and body, indicating that it's able to affect many different processes via its interaction with cannabinoid receptors.

CBG vs CBD: What Are The Benefits Of Each?

There are many differences between the effects CBG vs CBD produce, which also affects their therapeutic benefits. However, both CBG and CBD have potential uses as medication.

Cannabidiol (CBD)

This cannabinoid is famous for its non-intoxicating nature. It's this quality which has made CBD useful in treating children and people who can't tolerate the 'high' associated with THC and other cannabis compounds.

Also, CBD has been found to be an effective anticonvulsant, effectively treating seizures and epilepsy. This has been demonstrated in both animal and human studies.

Another study found that CBD reduced psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia, such as delusions and hallucinations which are often difficult to treat. These promising results show that CBD could be a useful medication for people with psychosis resulting from conditions such as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.

Cannabigerol (CBG)

While CBG has been found to be non-psychoactive it does appear to improve the effects of THC. This is because, like CBD, it can modulate and reduce the negative side effects such as anxiety and paranoia that THC causes in some people.

As a result of this 'boosting' effect on THC, CBG appears to increase the pain relieving qualities of THC. This could make CBG useful in strains of cannabis used for medical benefits and purposes.